chapter21

(** http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072512644/student_view0/chapter21) General Properties of Nonmetals ** -A majority of the nonmetals are either in the solid or gaseous state; only 1 is in the liquid state. -Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and show both positive and negative oxidation numbers -//Metalloids// (have both properties of metals and non-metals) -Nonmetals are more electronegative then metals (electronegatitvity increases going from left to right and from the bottom to top of the periodic table) -Most abundant element in the universe (70% of the universe total mass) -Simplest element known (atomic form contains 1 proton and 1 electron) -Hydrogen is normally a diatomic molecule -Molecular Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas and has a boiling point of -252.9C -Most abundant element in the universe accounting for 70% of the universe's total mass -Ground state of hydrogen is 1s -Resembles the alkali metals in that it can be oxidized by the H ion (exists in aqueous solutions in the hydrated form) -hydrogen also resembles the halogens in that it forms the uninegative hydridge ion -Is found in a large number of covalent compounds -hydrogen gas also can be produced by the reaction between and alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal and water -//Binary Hydrides// Are compounds containing hydrogen and another elements (either metal or nonmetal) -Divided into three types (http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Sodium-hydride-3D-vdW.png&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-hydride-3D-vdW.png&usg=__Hpfkzm261QynbgMHti7kc6IOi8o=&h=1018&w=1100&sz=507&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=FA6gbUes6Sgb5M:&tbnh=139&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dionic%2Bhydrides%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1) __(http://www.daviddarling.info/images/hydrazine.png)__ __(http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/staff/pics/aehw2.jpg)__// // -Ionic Hydrides---> formed when molecular hydrogen combines directly with any alkali metal or with the alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, or Ba) -Are solides that have the high melting points that are similar to ionic comounds -Because of their high reactivity with water, ionic hydrides are commonly used to remove traces of water from organic solvents -Easily accepts a proton from a proton donor -Covalent Hydrides--> the hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to the atom of another element -two types- discrete molecular units, and complex polymeric structures (where X is a large number) -Interstitial Hydrides --> The ratio of hydrogen atoms to metal atoms is not a constant in some of these compounds -Many of these hydrides have metallic properties such as electrical conductivity -Hydrogen is bonded to these to the metal in these compounds although the exact nature of its bonding is not clear (__http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/Hyiso.gif-Hydrogen has three isotopes)__ (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Hydrogenation_on_catalyst.png) -The addition of hydrogen to compounds containing multiple bonds -For example, a simple hydrogenation reaction can be a conversion of ethylene to ethane -This reaction is fairly slow but it can be increased by nickel or platinum (a catalyst) -The main function of the catalyst is to weaken the H-H bonds and speed up the reaction (http://ec.europa.eu/research/rtdinfo/42/01/images/irma01_en_1672.jpg) -Hydrogen gas could replace gasoline to power automobiles or to be used with oxygen gas in fuel cells to generate electricity -This is beneficial because using hydrogen gas in these ways are essentially free of pollutants -All of this depends on the cost on how cheaply hydrogen gas can be produced -Essential element of living matter -Component of naturl gas, petroleum, and coal -Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and occurs as carbonate in limestone and chalk -Diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon -Carbon has the unique ability to form long chains and stable rings with 5 or 6 members -This is called catenation which is the linking of atoms -Carbon makes up millions of organic compounds -About 78% of air volume is nitrogen -The most important mineral sources of nitrogen are saltpeter and Chile saltpeter -It is an essential element of life and is a main component of proteins and nucleic acids (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nitrogen.svg/424px-Nitrogen.svg.png) -Member of the group 5A family -Phosphorus occurs most commonly in nature as phosphate rocks (are mostly calcium phosphate and fluoroapatite) -Elemental phosphorus can be obtained by heating calcium phosphate with coke and silica sand -Several allotropic forms of phosphorus -Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust (46% of its mass) -The atmosphere contains about 21% molecular oxygen by volume (23% by mass) -Oxygen in the free state is a diatmoic molecule (HOBrFINCl) -Pure oxygen is prepared by fractional distallation of liquefied air -Oxygen gas is colorless and odorless The Halogens:** (http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/elem_halogen1.gif) __Preparation and General Properties of the Halogens:__ (http://www.wonderwhizkids.com/resources/content/images/ChemicalReactions/hng7.jpg) __Compounds of the Halogens:__ (http://www.revisionworld.com/files/halogens.jpg) -Most of the halides can be classified into two categories--> flourides and chlorides -Most of the flourides and chlorides are ionic compounds Flourine:** -Fluoridation--> practice of adding small quantities of flourides (about 1 ppm) such as NaF to drinking water to reduce dental caries -Most inorganic fluorides is uranium hexafluoride which is essential in to the gaseous diffusion process for seperating isoptopes of uranium -Fluroine is used industrially to produce polytetrafluoroethylene also known as teflon -Plays an important biological role in the human body in which the chorline ion is the principal anion in intracellular amd extracellular fluids -Chlorine is used as an industrial bleaching agent for paper and textiles -Around the house supplies (laundry bleach) which contains the ative ingredient in sodium hypochlorite -Also used to purify water and disinfect swimming pools -Large quantites of chlorine are used to produce insecticides (DDT) -Also used to produce polymers (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Chlorine.svg/424px-Chlorine.svg.png) -Bromine compounds occur naturally only in some marine organisms -Used to prepare ethylene dibromide--> used as an insecticide and as a scavenger for lead in gasoline to keep lead deposits from clogging engines -Combines with silver to form silve rbromide which is used in photographic films (http://www.carondelet.pvt.k12.ca.us/Family/Science/Halogens/b0035.gif) -Not used as widely as the other halogens -An essential constituent of the thyroid hormone thyroxine -Iodine deficiency in a diet may result in enlarged thyroid glands (http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.speciation.net/Public/Data/sp/Image/thyroxine.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.speciation.net/Public/Objects/Glossary/index.html%3Frb_select_l%3DT&usg=__1Mf_DCtVSvJiRSCi92AontCEgxE=&h=106&w=255&sz=1&hl=en&start=9&um=1&tbnid=YBhhIzXzWOptIM:&tbnh=46&tbnw=111&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dthyroxine%2Bstructure%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1) -Iodized table salt sold in the U.S contains about .01% KI or NaI which is more than sufficient to satisfy the 1 mg of iodine per week required for the formation of thyroxine in the human body
 * Chapter 21: Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds **
 * Hydrogen:**
 * Binary Hydrides:**
 * Ionic hydrides
 * ____Covalent hydrides__
 * Interstitial hydrides
 * __Isotopes of Hydrogen:__**
 * Hydrogenation:**
 * The Hydrogen Economy:**
 * Carbon:**
 * Nitrogen:**
 * Phosphorus:**
 * Oxygen:**
 * Sulfur:
 * Uses of the Halogens:
 * Chlorine:**
 * Bromine:**
 * Iodine:**

**UNIT 4 – GENERAL CHEMISTRY – HALOGEN LAB**__ [|**Back to General Chemistry**] PURPOSE To study the chemical group known as the halogens; how they react with other substances and how they can be distinguished from one another.
 * LAB:**

MATERIALS spot plate safety goggles 0.1M silver nitrate ( AgNO 3) 3.0M ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) 0.1M calcium nitrate ( Ca( NO3)2) 0.1M sodium fluoride 0.1M sodium chloride 0.1M sodium bromide 0.1M sodium iodide unknown solutions

PROCEDURE 1. Copy the data table and data analysis questions on to another sheet of paper. 2. WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES DURING THIS INVESTIGATION. Avoid getting any of thesolutions on your skin or clothing. 3. Wash out and dry the spot plate before beginning lab and as needed during the procedure.

Part 1 4. Place 6 drops of the following solutions into separate wells of the spot plate: sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium iodide. Keep track of which solution goes into which well. 5. To each of these solutions add 3 drops of calcium nitrate. Look carefully for any change in the clear solutions. Record any changes observed in the appropriate boxes on the data table. If no change occurs write NVR (for “no visible reaction”) in the box.

Part 2 6. Place 6 drops of the four solutions, sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium iodide, into separate clean wells in the spot plate. Remember to keep track of which solution goes into which well. 7. To each of these solutions add 3 drops of silver nitrate. Look for any change in the clear solutions. Record any changes observed (or NVR) in the appropriate boxes on the data table. 8. Into each well now add 5 drops of ammonium hydroxide. Record any changes observed (or NVR) in the appropriate boxes on the data table.

Part 3 9. Obtain an "unknown" solution (it will be fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide) from your teacher and record the letter of the unknown on your data table. Place 6 drops of the unknown in a clean spot plate well and add 3 drops of calcium nitrate. Record your observation in the appropriate box on the data table. If you can identify the unknown at this point, proceed to step 11. 10. If you have not yet identified the unknown, place 6 drops of it in a clean well and add 3 drops of silver nitrate. Record your observation in the appropriate box on the data table. If you can identify the unknown at this point, proceed to step 11. If not add 4 drops of ammonium hydroxide and record your observation in the appropriate box on the data table. 11. Record the identification of your unknown on the data table. 12. Wash and dry the spot plate thoroughly.

Part 4 12. Repeat procedures 9-12 for another unknown.

 ** HALOGEN LAB DATA SHEET ** DATA TABLE

letter name || || || || letter name || || || || DATA ANALYSIS QUESTIONS
 * || calcium nitrate || silver nitrate || silver nitrate with ammonium hydroxide ||
 * sodium fluoride || || || ||
 * sodium chloride || || || ||
 * sodium bromide || || || ||
 * sodium iodide || || || ||
 * 1st unknown
 * 2nd unknown

1. Write the letter and name of your 1st unknown.

2. Write the letter and name of your 2nd unknown.

3. Write the names and the chemical formulas for each compound used in the lab.

4. What is the group number of the halogen family?

5. Name the period number each halogen used in the lab is in. 







 In which compound does the hydrogen atom have a negative charge? || One important feature of the chemistry of carbon is || The chemical formula of the carbide ion is || Dinitrogen monoxide (nitrous oxide, N2O) is || Which of the following contains a tetrahedral arrangement of phosphorus atoms? || Carbon dioxide is used in all of the following ways except || Nitric acid and sulfuric acid are both powerful oxidizing agents because: || The chemical formula for the superoxide ion is: || The Frasch process is used to || The halogens are || (^^CHAMG CHEMISTRY ONLINE PROBLEMS: i claim no rights to these)
 * PROBLEMS:**
 * **1** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || NH3 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || B2H6 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || CaH2 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || HCl ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || CH4 ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **2** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || its ability to catenate. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || its large radius that allows other atoms to fit easily around it. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || its ability to form multiple bonds with hydrogen. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || its low electronegativity that allows it to ionize easily. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || B and C are both correct. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **3** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || C2- or C2-. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || CN-. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || C4+. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || C3-. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || C22- or C4-. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **4** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || a brown poisonous gas that is one of the chemicals involved in the production of photochemical smog. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || a colorless gas that decomposes into nitrogen and oxygen upon heating. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || a colorless gas used in the production of nitric acid. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || the product of nitrogen fixation in the atmosphere. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || a colorless gas used in the manufacture of explosives. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **5** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || P4O6 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || P4 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || P4O10 ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || A and C ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || All of the above. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **6** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || to provide the "bite" in soft drinks. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || in fire extinguishers. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || as a refrigerant. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || in the Frasch process. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || in the manufacture of soda ash. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **7** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || the central elements (N and S) are in high oxidation states. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || the central elements (N and S) have low oxidation states. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || the elements nitrogen and sulfur are very stable. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || both compounds can be obtained in highly concentrated forms. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || More information would have to be given to answer the question. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **8** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || O- ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || O22- ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || O2- ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || O3- ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || O2- ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **9** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || mine elemental sulfur. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || remove traces of water from organic solvents. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || oxidize sulfides of many metals to the corresponding sulfates. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || manufacture freon. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || manufacture nitric acid. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * **10** || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="5" height="1"]] |||||| [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="5"]]
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **A)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || strong acids. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **B)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || oxidizing agents. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **C)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || reducing agents. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **D)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || strong bases. ||
 * || [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="40" height="1"]] || **E)**[[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="10" height="1"]] || not very reactive. ||
 * [[image:http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olcweb/styles/shared/spacer.gif width="1" height="10"]] ||
 * ALL MY INFORMATION CAME FROM GOOGLE/CHANG CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOK/CHANG ONLINE TEXTBOOK