chapter2


 * __Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions__ **

[] 2.1- **Atomic Theory** Dalton's Atomic Theory Joseph Proust's law of definite proportions Law of multiple proportions Law of conservation of mass
 * "Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical, having the same size, mass, and chemical properties. The atoms of one element are different from the atoms of all other elements.
 * Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is either an integer or a simple fraction.
 * A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction."
 * "Different samples of the same compound always contain its constituent elements in the same proportion by mass."
 * "If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in ratios of small whole numbers."
 * "Matter can be neither created nor destroyed."

2.2- **Structure of the Atom** Atom Radiation Nucleus Proton Neutron Radioactivity Three Types of Rays are Produced by the Decay of Radioactive Substances. <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">J.J. Thomson <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> [] <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination. It is made up of subatomic particles called protons, electrons, and neutrons.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The emission and transmission of energy through space in the form of waves.”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electron
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Negatively charged particle.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The charge of all electrons is the same.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“A dense central core within the atom.”
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electrically neutral particles with greater mass than protons
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Exist within the nucleus of an atom.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation.”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Alpha Rays
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Positively charged particles
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beta Rays
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Electrons
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Gamma Rays
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">High-energy rays that have no charge and are not affected by an external field.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proposed the “plum pudding” model of the atom
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This model states that “an atom could be thought of as a uniform, positive, sphere of matter in which electrons are embedded like raisins in a cake.”
 * []

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2.3- **Atomic Number, Mass Number, and Isotopes** Atomic Number <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mass Number <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Isotopes <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Periodic Table <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 2.4- **The Periodic Table** Metals Nonmetal Metalloid Alkali Metals Alkaline earth Metals Halogens Noble Gases []
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an element.”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“The total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atom of an element.”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons = <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> atomic number + number of neutrons
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Atoms that have the same atomic number but different mass numbers”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties are grouped together.”
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Organized by atomic number.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Periods- horizontal rows
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Groups/Families- vertical columns according to similarities in their chemical properties.
 * "good conductor of heat and electricity"
 * "poor conductor of heat and electricity"
 * "has properties that are intermediate between those of metals and nonmetals"
 * Group 1A elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr)
 * Group 2A elements (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Ra)
 * Group 7A elements (F, Cl, Br, I, and At)
 * Group 8A elements (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

2.5- **Molecules and Ions** Molecule Diatomic molecule Polyatomic molecules Ion Cation Anion Ionic Compound Monatomic Ions Polyatomic Ions
 * "an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forces"
 * contains 2 atoms (H2, N2, O2, Cl2)
 * HOBrFINCl
 * molecules containing more than two atoms
 * H2O NH3
 * "an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge"
 * []
 * ion with a net positive charge
 * ion whose net charge is negative
 * formed from cations and anions
 * contain only one atom (Mg, S, N, Na)
 * ions containing more than one atom

2.6- **Chemical Formulas** Chemical Formulas Molecular Formula Allotrope Structural Formula Empirical formula
 * "express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of chemical symbols"
 * "shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance"
 * Hydrazine for example, has a molecular formula of N2H4
 * "one of two or more distinct forms of an element"
 * O2 (oxygen) and O3 (ozone) are allotropes
 * "shows how atoms are bonded to one another in a molecule"
 * H2O is shown as H-O-H with the "-" representing a chemical bond
 * "tells us which elements are present and the simplest whole-number ratio of their atoms"
 * not necessarily the actual number of atoms in the given molecule
 * Hydrazine for example (N2H4), has a chemical formula of NH2

2.7- **Naming Compounds

Fun Fact-** [|**http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/nomen.html**]



[|**http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chemistrygeek.com/nomenclature%2520flowchart%25201%2520page.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.chemistrygeek.com/chem1h.htm&usg=__dltPOCDAJLIsl8rH9--Glo9APZs=&h=1280&w=3000&sz=311&hl=en&start=3&tbnid=hbiVdErpmErDbM:&tbnh=64&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dchemical%2Bnomenclature%2Bflow%2Bchart%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN**]

**https://cornellchem.wikispaces.com/Unit+7**

Chapter 2 Lab
 * For some naming practice-** [|**http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/namingcs.html**]

In this exploration you will be observing reactions of a copper compound and aluminum. [|**http://www.smes.org/classes/chemistry/firstyear/LabIonsandAtoms.htm**] After completing the lab complete the questions at the end.